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Fiber Optic Wiki

MODERN COMMUNICATION

August 31, 2011

The internet, cell phones, fax machines and pagers are a way of life in modern society. All these technologies rely on lasers and fiber optics. The principle behind a laser lies embedded in the heart of quantum mechanics. Einstein built on the theory of quantum mechanics to explain the photoelectric effect in 1905 and showed that electrons could absorb and emit the energy of photons. In 1917, he went on to discover that this emission could be “focused” so that it occurs at a single frequency. This is known as “stimulated emission”. Scientists applied this principle in the mid-1950s to stimulate emission of microwaves using a device called a maser. They then applied the same principle to visible light and used the term laser for this device. However, they could not produce a steady laser light, which was necessary for practical applications .

INTRODUCTION of MODERN COMMUNICATION

August 31, 2011

It's 11:30 p.m., you're in San Francisco on business, and you want to check for messages at your office in Virginia. First you dial in and get your voice mail. Next you plug your portable computer into the hotel-room telephone jack, hit a few keys, and pick up e-mail from a potential client in South Africa, your sister in Albuquerque, and a business associate in Detroit. Before composing your responses, you do a quick bit of research on the Internet, tracking down the name of the on-line news group you had mentioned to the man in Detroit and the title of a book you wanted to recommend to your sister. A few more keystrokes and in moments your electronic letters have reached Albuquerque and Detroit. Then, knowing that the time difference means the next workday has begun in South Africa, you call there without a second thought.

Help on the Internet

August 31, 2011

In April 1995, a young Chinese chemistry student at Beijing University lay dying in a Beijing hospital. She was in a coma, and although her doctors had performed numerous tests, they could not discover what was killing her. In desperation, a student friend posted an SOS describing her symptoms to several medical bulletin boards and mailing lists on the Internet, the ever-growing international array of computer linkages through telephone lines. Around the world, doctors who regularly checked these electronic bulletin boards and lists responded immediately.

USING VISIBLE LIGHT?

August 31, 2011

All forms of modern communication--radio and television signals, telephone conversation, computer data--rely on a carrier signal, a wavelike electromagnetic oscillation with a particular frequency. Electro-magnetic signals are described in terms of their wavelength (the distance between the peaks of two waves) or their frequency (expressed in hertz, the number of wave cycles per second); the shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency. By modulating the carrier, we can encode the information to be transmitted; the higher the carrier frequency, the more information a signal can hold.

PHYSICS IN THE 20TH CENTURY

August 31, 2011

The research that would eventually give rise to the laser had its origins in the branch of physics now known as quantum mechanics. In 1900 Max Planck hypothesized that excited atoms radiate energy in discrete packets, which he called quanta, and not as a continuous range of energies, as the prevailing wave theory of electromagnetic radiation would have it. Planck never pursued the implications of this notion, but 5 years later Albert Einstein did, suggesting that light itself was made up not of waves, but of packets of energy (later named photons); the higher the frequency of the light, the more energetic the photon. He then demonstrated how under some conditions, electrons could absorb and emit the energy of photons, and--in a breakthrough that would earn him the Nobel Prize--he used this demonstration to explain what was called the photoelectric effect (the discharge of electrons from matter by the impact of radiation, especially visible light).

Fiber-optic Communications System

August 30, 2011

Information (voice, data, and video) from the source is encoded into electrical signals that can drive the transmitter. The fiber acts as an optical waveguide for the photons as they travel down the optical path toward the receiver. At the detector, the signals undergo an optical-to-electrical (OE) conversion, are decoded, and are sent to their destination.

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